I get phone calls and emails all the time from people asking about the legalities of performing or recording music in their churches. Some of the questions are simple and some are quite complex. One of the students in my Music Industry Law class at Trevecca Nazarene University in Nashville, Anna Price, just wrote an excellent primer on the subject of the intersection of the church and Copyright Law and with her permission, I am reprinting her work here. This should be really helpful.
Law and Light
Copyright Law can seem like a cruel school master at times, watching and listening for any piece of work that might have been first used by another. Though that is a little exaggeration, it can seem like that at times. A person may innocently create something that is all too much like another’s work, and be greatly penalized for it. A person may not know any better and uses another author’s work in a way that violate that author’s right given by law under the Copyright Act. Whether knowingly or innocently infringed, the Copyright Law cannot be ignored.
Though a tough and sometimes unclear subject, it is in the best interest of the people wanting to use protected intellectual property to know what is permitted and what is not under the Copyright Act, especially in the case of churches. The law is not meant to harm, but meant to protect and encourage authors and their work. The execution may be flawed in some cases, but the intent is good. The use of music and other copyrighted ideas in church can be a tricky subject, but the law does allow churches the freedom to “display” music and other works of authorship in services as well as provide protection for the authors.
It is important to know what the church cannot do under the Copyright Law. It is also important to realize that even though fair use gives church services some liberty, it does not always protect from copyright infringement. The laws of copyright can feel like a leash on the dog; but it is especially important for the church to be aware of the law and obey it in order to act right under the law, and set an example to her people and the world. “Therefore submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lord’s sake…as to those who are sent by him for the punishment of evildoers and for the praise of those who do good.” 1 Peter 2:13-14
Some basics the church should understand about the Copyright Act are what the rights of the author(s) are, and what the church may be unwittingly violating. Directly from the Copyright Act Section 106 are the Exclusive Rights as follows:
“(1) to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords;
(2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work;
(3) to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to
the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or
lending;
(4) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works,
pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, to perform
the copyrighted work publicly;
(5) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes,
and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual
images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to display the copyrighted
work publicly; and
(6) in the case of sound recordings, to perform the copyrighted work publicly
by means of a digital audio transmission.”
These six rights belong to the author(s)/copyright owner(s) alone. In order to legally use a piece of music or literary work - whether that means printing the lyrics or performing a song or another use - of another for any of the purposes mentioned above, permission is required.
There is an exception to these protected rights known as the Public Domain that church may be familiar with. It does not mean that every song in the hymnal is free to use, unfortunately. Public Domain actually means that a copyright has expired. The current life of a copyright is the author’s life plus 70 years, after this time period the copyright expires and becomes public domain. This makes things a little easier for churches who sing old hymns because there are many great songs that are now part of the public domain. There is an issue to be aware of in the matter of public domain, however. Though a song may be public domain, there may be recorded performances of the song that are not. This is something to be aware when looking at public domain works.
The Copyright Act also provides copyright limitations known as “fair use” which may be helpful in providing some allowances. The details of fair use are useful for the church to know. There are four things that a person, but more specifically a church in this matter, needs to look at, and ask if he/it is truly acting under the limited liberty of fair use. The four criteria for fair use are as follows:
“1.) The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes,
2.) The nature of the copyrighted work,
3.) The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole, and
4.) The effect of the use upon the potential market for, or value of, the copyrighted work.” (Section 107 of the Copyright Act)
The Copyright Act section 110 part 3 gives more specific guidelines for what fair use looks like in a church service:
“(3) performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work or of a dramatic- musical work of a religious nature, or display of a work, in the course of services at a place of worship or other religious assembly.”
There the church has listed what she is allowed to use freely. The Copyright Act has provided leniency to use certain works without permission of the author so long as it falls under the above mentioned guidelines in a place of worship for the purpose of worship or teaching. These provide some protection from copyright infringement, but depend on the circumstances. Fair use does not always protect from copyright infringement. It is better to know for certain that the church is acting properly in regards to the law. If there is any uncertainty about whether or not an act of the church containing copyrighted material is considered fair use under the Copyright Act, then the church should ask a professional lawyer to be sure.
Something to be aware of is that this provision does not include the ability to show a full movie without permission. Clips might be used as part of the lesson so long as it falls under the category of fair use or has permission, but to be able to show a movie for entertainment or other purposes at church permission is needed.
Another pressing copyright issue churches should be aware of involves the recording and broadcasting worship services. This is yet another matter that needs attention. The sermon itself is not the issue, unless it copies another’s work, but if the recording of a church service contains copyrighted music the church needs a license. The desire to want to include the music in the service on a recording is understandable, but the church should be aware of the copyrights involved with recording it. Permission is needed from the copyright owner to record a copyrighted song. It may seem like a small matter, but once again it is good for the church to be right with the law in order to maintain an honorable presence in the community.
Thankfully, in October of 1988, a new Performance Royalty Organization was launched with this very purpose of helping churches with copyright matters. This company is called Christian Copyright Licensing International, but more commonly referred to as CCLI. This is what CCLI’s mission statement says they exist for,
“To encourage the spirit of worship to churches, organizations, and Christians individually, so that they may enhance their worship expression spontaneously, conveniently, affordably and legally.” (www.ccli.com).
CCLI exists to help bridge the gap between the sometimes confusing world of copyright law and churches. CCLI helps provide churches with the resources and legal services they need to ensure smooth operation of worship services. Christian Copyright Licensing International provides licenses for copyrights, rehearsals, streaming & podcast, and videos. They also provide sheet music. They have resources of movie clips for use in lessons. They have different licenses, and they will explain what can be covered by the license and what cannot. Since 1988, CCLI now helps over 200,000 churches with copyright law, giving them the knowledge and ability to act legally and honorably more easily.
The details that CCLI requires under the Church Copyright License reports be made for all copy uses every 6 months, but they encourage weekly reports be made to make the task simpler. They require the song titles being used, as well as the writers, copyright notices, and the church’s CCLI licensing number. In order to print the lyrics in a bulletin or project the lyrics on a screen, CCLI requires those four things to be listed at least once at the bottom of the page. All of these things help pay the authors their due, and give the church secure, legal resources to draw from.
CCLI is not the only company available to help churches with these legal issues and provide licenses for copyrighted materials, but they are probably the best. As mentioned before, CCLI now helps over two hundred thousand churches.
Much has been said about copyrights here, but churches may also want to know what kinds of costs are involved in violating the Copyright Act. There are statutory damages that will need to be paid to the copyright owner, which are thousands of dollars. There are also the court and attorney costs that will need to be afraid in the case of violation. These risks may be something churches want to be aware of. Not only will a case of infringement cost thousands of dollars that a church probably does not have, but it will cost respect.
It is not very often that churches are actually sued for infringement, but the risk is growing and becoming more possible. Technology and knowledge have increased, and even the ways to access and use new technology have become better and easier in some ways. Ignorance will not be an option for long. Fair use may give a semblance of protection, but churches need to be careful. It is in the best interest of churches to be prepared and act responsibly in this day and age.
All of these details about copyright law can become overwhelming - especially for a church that does not know any better. That is why CCLI exists. It is also why it is important for churches to be smart, to be aware. Churches need to be educated about and prepared for the realities and legalities of copyright law. Not only is there a huge risk involved if copyright owners should try to sue for infringement, but more importantly for the churches is the risk of their reputation.
Church is more than a meeting place on Sundays. She is the representation of Christ on earth. She carries a great hope for the world. She is a light, and a city on a hill. She is God’s people. It is clear in Romans 13 that God wants His people to be an example, to obey the law. “Owe no one anything except to love one another, for he who loves another has fulfilled the law.” Romans 13:8 Even in as small or big a matter as copyright law the church can set the example. Be aware. Be educated. Be legal. Be safe. Be strong.
List of sources:
The Bible
Websites:
http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl102.html
http://www.churchmarketingsucks.com/2009/02/fair-use-and-your-church-part-1/
http://enrichmentjournal.ag.org/201002/201002_042_Copyright.cfm
www.ccli.com
http://www.copyrightsolver.com/mythsolvers
http://www.christianitytoday.com/cbg/1999/mayjun/9y3038.html
http://www.brotherhoodmutual.com/index.cfm/resources/ministry-safety/article/copyright-laws-and-fair-use/
